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West Nile encephalitis was first identified in 1937, but until now, it was never diagnosed in Korea. A 58-yr-old Korean man was admitted with headache and cognitive dysfunction. The patient had been on a business trip in Guinea. C...
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West Nile encephalitis was first identified in 1937, but until now, it was never diagnosed in Korea. A 58-yr-old Korean man was admitted with headache and cognitive dysfunction. The patient had been on a business trip in Guinea. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis. The patient complained of both leg weakness, and arachnoiditis and myelitis were observed on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A specific neutralizing antibody for West Nile virus was positive in serum. After a treatment with interferon-a 3mu, follow up CSF findings recovered completely after 3 months later. The first case of West Nile encephalitis in Korea was imported from Guinea, and was cured successfully.
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West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Transmission peaks in the late summer and early fall. In 2018, Virginia had 47 total cases of WNV, 37 of which were neuroinvasive with 7 reported deaths. R...
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West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Transmission peaks in the late summer and early fall. In 2018, Virginia had 47 total cases of WNV, 37 of which were neuroinvasive with 7 reported deaths. Risk factors for neuroinvasive WNV include advanced age, history of organ transplantation, and hematologic malignancy especially those actively undergoing chemotherapy. Here we discuss a case of a patient with stage 4 follicular cell lymphoma with recent chemotherapy and radiation therapy, who was found to have severe neuroinvasive seronegative WNV encephalitis with flaccid paralysis.
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West Nile virus (WNV) transmission through organ transplantation occurs rarely and screening of organ donors for WNV infection remains controversial. This report describes the case of WNV encephalitis in a kidney recipient and the...
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West Nile virus (WNV) transmission through organ transplantation occurs rarely and screening of organ donors for WNV infection remains controversial. This report describes the case of WNV encephalitis in a kidney recipient and the case of asymptomatic WNV infection in the organ donor, both observed at Treviso Hospital, northeastern Italy. After briefly reviewing the literature, we discuss the implications for WNV screening.
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Purpose West Nile virus (WNV) transmission through organ transplantation occurs rarely and screening of organ donors for WNV infection remains controversial. This report describes the case of WNV encephalitis in a kidney recipient...
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Purpose West Nile virus (WNV) transmission through organ transplantation occurs rarely and screening of organ donors for WNV infection remains controversial. This report describes the case of WNV encephalitis in a kidney recipient and the case of asymptomatic WNV infection in the organ donor, both observed at Treviso Hospital, northeastern Italy. After briefly reviewing the literature, we discuss the implications for WNV screening. Methods We reviewed medical, laboratory and epidemiological records at our hospital, and the literature concerning cases of organ-transmitted WNV infections and WNV screening of organ donors in Italy and worldwide. Results The kidney recipient was the first confirmed case of WNV infection notified in northeastern Italy in 2011, and the first case of WNV infection in a cluster of four transplant recipients who acquired the infection from a common organ donor. The organ donor, whose WNV infection was only retrospectively diagnosed by IgM detection, represents the index case of a WNV outbreak in the Treviso Province. Screening of her blood prior to organ recovery did not show detectable levels of WNV nucleic acid with the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions This report emphasizes that transplantacquired WNV neuroinvasive disease can be particularly severe. We suggest that pre-procurement screening of organ donors by testing blood with both WNV IgM capture ELISA and a sensitive nucleic acid testing should be adopted during the transmission season in the present Italian epidemiological setting.
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Poliovirus has been eradicated in the US for?40 years.?Its sequelae, poliomyelitis, a syndrome characterized by fever, meningitis, and flaccid paralysis, is a rare entity. Other viruses have been implicated in poliomyelitis-like s...
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Poliovirus has been eradicated in the US for?40 years.?Its sequelae, poliomyelitis, a syndrome characterized by fever, meningitis, and flaccid paralysis, is a rare entity. Other viruses have been implicated in poliomyelitis-like syndromes since the elimination of poliovirus. West Nile virus (WNV), since its westward migration in 1999, has?recently been found to be a causative agent of fever, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.?We present the case of a male who?presented to the hospital for fever and?experienced a subsequent fall, without any symptoms of encephalitis, diagnosed with WNV infection.
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West Nile fever is a non-contagious viral disease affecting birds, horses and humans. The disease is transmitted by blood-feeding insects (mosquitoes), mainly of Culex genus, but representatives of genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquill...
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West Nile fever is a non-contagious viral disease affecting birds, horses and humans. The disease is transmitted by blood-feeding insects (mosquitoes), mainly of Culex genus, but representatives of genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culiseta, Deinocerites, Mansonia, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora and Uranotaenia may also have an important role in the spreading of the disease. Wild birds and particularly members of Corvidae, Passeridae and Charadriidae families are reservoir hosts of the infection. Mammals, including humans and equidae, are considered as “dead-end” or incidental hosts. The disease is characterized with fever, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, paresis, paralysis, general weakness, prolonged recumbency, depression. West Nile fever is endemic in many regions in Africa, the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East from where the infection could be introduced into new areas by migratory birds. Due to the expanding geographical distribution of the disease, accurate and fast diagnosis becomes essential, especially in areas settled with highly susceptible human and animal populations where the virus is introduced for the first time.
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We have shown the flaviviruses can up-regulate the cell surface expression of the immune recognition molecules, major histocompatability complex class-I and class-II (MHC-I, MHC-II), ICAM-1, VCAM, and E-selectin, in an interferon-...
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We have shown the flaviviruses can up-regulate the cell surface expression of the immune recognition molecules, major histocompatability complex class-I and class-II (MHC-I, MHC-II), ICAM-1, VCAM, and E-selectin, in an interferon-independent and tumor necrosis factor-independent manner. This up-regulation is associated with an increased transcription of the relevant genes and is due to activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B. The level of up-regulation is determined in part by the cell cycle position of the cell when infected with the flavivirus, as quiescent cells show a greater increase in the level of expression of the immune recognition molecules, MHC-I and ICAM-1, than cells in other phases of the cell cycle. The resultant increased cell surface expression is functional with the increased expression resulting in increased recognition by flavivirus-specific and allo-specific cytotoxic T cells.
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Although so far it's been confined to five northeastern states, horse owners should be aware of a dangerous encephalitis-causing virus that first arrived in our Hemisphere only two years ago ... If you notice an unusual number of ...
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Although so far it's been confined to five northeastern states, horse owners should be aware of a dangerous encephalitis-causing virus that first arrived in our Hemisphere only two years ago ... If you notice an unusual number of dead crows on yourproperty, it could indicate the presence of a virus that causes encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain) in humans, horses and birds. Crows are highly susceptible to West Nile Virus (WNV), which was first identified in the Western Hemisphere in 1999.The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, which acquire it from infected birds. And because researchers believe that migrating birds may play a role in spreading the disease, animal health officials are carefully surveying for the virus in a wide range ofwild birds. So far, West Nile Virus has been confined to five northeastern states--New York, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. There were 62 human cases of WNV-induced encephalitis in 1999, including seven deaths. A total of 25 horses were diagnosed; nine had to be euthanized. Through mid-October of 2000, there were 29 confirmed cases of WNV in horses; 16 were euthanized.
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